As the world faces mounting environmental challenges, from accelerating climate change to plastic pollution in oceans and landfills, the urgency to shift toward sustainable materials has never been greater. Global industries, governments, and consumers alike are seeking innovative alternatives that can reduce environmental harm while maintaining the performance and functionality of conventional materials. This demand is not just a trend—it is a fundamental transformation driven by science, policy, and public awareness.
At the core of this transformation is the need to decarbonize material production, reduce dependence on finite fossil resources, and minimize the accumulation of non-degradable waste. Traditional petroleum-based plastics, while versatile and low-cost, are a major contributor to greenhouse gas emissions and long-term ecological degradation. Their resistance to degradation—once seen as a benefit—has now become one of the planet’s most pressing environmental burdens.
In response to these challenges, bio-based environmentally friendly resins have emerged as one of the most promising classes of materials for a more sustainable future. These resins are synthesized from renewable biomass sources, including corn starch, sugarcane, cellulose, algae, and agricultural waste. Because they are derived from carbon captured by living plants, bio-based resins offer a closed-loop carbon cycle—absorbing carbon dioxide during growth and releasing it only during degradation or combustion, thus significantly reducing net CO₂ emissions.
Many bio-based resins are engineered with end-of-life options in mind. Unlike conventional plastics that can persist for centuries in the environment, bio-resins are often biodegradable or compostable, making them well-suited for applications like packaging, where short product lifespans align with a need for responsible disposal.
Beyond their environmental attributes, bio-based resins are gaining momentum due to technological advancements and material improvements. Early limitations related to mechanical strength, heat resistance, and scalability are steadily being addressed through molecular engineering, blending techniques, and innovations in bio-polymer chemistry. As a result, these resins are now finding commercial applications across diverse sectors—from food packaging and automotive parts to electronics and consumer goods.
The shift to bio-based environmentally friendly resins reflects a broader vision: one in which economic development is decoupled from environmental degradation, and where the materials we use are as renewable, circular, and harmless as possible. This vision is increasingly supported by regulatory frameworks, sustainability certifications, and shifting consumer preferences.
Bio-based Environmentally Friendly Resins refer to polymer materials that are mainly made from renewable biological resources. Unlike traditional petroleum-based resins, they do not rely on limited fossil fuel resources, but are synthesized using plant-based raw materials such as corn starch, sugar cane, soybeans, cellulose, seaweed, etc. These materials can not only effectively reduce dependence on non-renewable resources, but also significantly reduce greenhouse gas emissions during their life cycle.
Commonly used in the production of biodegradable plastics such as polylactic acid (PLA). Through the fermentation process, these raw materials are converted into lactic acid and further polymerized into plastic resins.
Can be used to make polyurethane, bio-based epoxy resins, etc. Compared with traditional petrochemical-based materials, these products consume less energy during the manufacturing process.
Derived from wood, cotton or agricultural waste, they can be used as reinforcement materials or resin matrices to improve mechanical properties and renewability.
With fast growth and high carbon fixation capabilities, they are one of the emerging sustainable resources suitable for the preparation of high-performance bio-resins.
Bio-based resins absorb carbon dioxide during the growth stage, partially achieving "carbon sequestration", which can offset the carbon emissions during their manufacturing and use to a certain extent, thereby achieving a "closed-loop carbon cycle".
The use of agricultural residues or renewable plant materials can help alleviate the risk of oil resource depletion and support green manufacturing.
Many bio-based resins are compostable, degradable or recyclable, and can enter the natural circulation system to reduce the environmental pollution of plastic waste.
PLA (polylactic acid) is a typical bio-based material that can be industrially composted and degraded;
Although the raw materials of bio-based PET (polyethylene terephthalate) are partly derived from biomass, its structure is the same as that of petrochemical PET, and its degradation performance is weaker.
This distinction is crucial for practical applications. When designing products, the appropriate type of bio-resin should be selected according to the purpose (such as packaging, medical supplies, automotive parts, etc.).
Packaging industry: such as bio-based plastic bags, food containers, coffee capsules, etc.;
Construction and home decoration: used to produce floor coatings, bio-epoxy adhesives, etc.;
Automobile manufacturing: used for lightweight components, interior panels, etc.;
3D printing materials: PLA is the most common environmentally friendly 3D printing filament;
Electronic products: Development of halogen-free, bio-renewable circuit board materials.
As the challenges of global climate change, environmental pollution and increasingly scarce fossil energy become increasingly serious, seeking sustainable alternative materials has become an important direction for manufacturing and materials science. In this context, bio-based environmentally friendly resins, as an emerging green material, have attracted great attention from the scientific research and industrial communities due to their renewable sources, low environmental impact, and gradually improved functional performance.
Compared with traditional petroleum-based resins, bio-based resins have obvious advantages in reducing carbon emissions. Their raw materials usually come from plants such as corn, sugar cane, soybeans or algae. These plants absorb carbon dioxide through photosynthesis during their growth, thereby neutralizing the carbon emissions generated during the manufacturing process to a certain extent. Petroleum-based resins basically only produce carbon emissions throughout their life cycle and lack a carbon sink process.
Taking polylactic acid (PLA) as an example, the greenhouse gas emissions generated during its production process can be reduced by about 60% compared with polystyrene. If the final product can be composted or biodegraded, the released carbon can also be absorbed by plants again, further realizing the "carbon cycle closed loop".
A significant feature of bio-based resins is the renewable source of raw materials. For example, corn and sugar cane can be planted and harvested every year, unlike mineral resources such as oil and natural gas, which require millions of years of geological evolution to form.
This renewable path based on "planting-use-degradation-replanting" not only alleviates dependence on non-renewable resources, but also enhances the resilience and controllability of the material supply chain. With the advancement of recycling technology for agricultural byproducts and waste, the diversity and eco-friendliness of raw material sources will be further improved.
Many bio-based resins are biodegradable and can be decomposed into water, carbon dioxide and biomass by microorganisms under certain conditions. For example, PLA, polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA), starch-based resins, etc. can be completely degraded in industrial composting environments, and can also be slowly degraded in soil and water bodies under certain circumstances.
This feature is of great significance for alleviating "white pollution" and reducing marine plastic debris. Compared with traditional plastics that often take hundreds of years to degrade, bio-resins are more easily absorbed by the ecosystem after the end of their life cycle, which helps to achieve a truly green closed loop.
The large-scale use and random disposal of traditional petrochemical plastics have led to serious environmental problems, including landfill accumulation, marine plastic pollution, and plastic ingestion by wild animals. Bio-based resins, due to their degradability and non-toxic properties, can significantly reduce the long-term negative impact on the natural environment and ecosystem.
Some bio-based resins also avoid the use of toxic catalysts and heavy metal additives during the production process, further reducing potential risks to the environment and human health.
In the past, one of the biggest doubts about bio-resins was whether their performance could meet the needs of practical applications. With the development of materials science, polymerization processes and composite modification technologies, modern bio-based resins have made significant improvements in functional performance, comparable to some traditional plastics, and even better in some aspects.
Through copolymerization, cross-linking, nano-enhancement and other means, modern bio-resins have made significant improvements in tensile strength, impact resistance, flexibility and other aspects. For example:
Modified PLA can have impact resistance close to ABS or PS;
Adding natural fibers (such as bamboo fibers and hemp fibers) can enhance the structural stability and strength of the material;
Bio-based polyamides (such as PA11) have been widely used in automobiles, electronics, sports equipment and other fields with high requirements for strength and toughness.
The new generation of bio-resins has made technical breakthroughs in heat deformation temperature, melt index, thermal decomposition temperature, etc., making it adaptable to various processing methods such as injection molding, extrusion, blow molding, and 3D printing. For example:
PLA materials with improved thermal stability can maintain structural stability at high temperatures and are not easy to deform;
Bio-based polyesters such as PBS (succinic acid copolymer) have good heat sealing properties and flexibility, and are suitable for thermoforming packaging.
The processing parameters of many bio-based resins (such as melting point, viscosity, cooling rate) are close to those of traditional plastics, so that they can be produced and molded without large-scale transformation of existing equipment, reducing the cost of enterprise transformation and improving market acceptance.
Through chemical structure design and modification, bio-resins can achieve various functional customizations, such as:
Water resistance, oil resistance, flame retardancy, and UV resistance;
Controlled release function (used for agricultural films or drug carriers);
Antibacterial and mildew resistance (advantages in medical and food packaging).
This customization capability allows it to adapt to a wide range of applications from consumer product packaging, electronic product housings, automotive parts to degradable agricultural films.
With the development of materials science and green technology, bio-based environmentally friendly resins have not only stayed in the laboratory stage, but have achieved commercial application in many industries. The following will introduce its application examples and the advantages brought by the five major fields of packaging, building and home, medical, automobile and agriculture in detail.
Packaging is one of the most widely used fields for bio-based resins, especially in disposable consumer goods and food packaging. Common applications include:
Biodegradable plastic bags: shopping bags, garbage bags, and express bags made of PLA, PBAT, starch-based resins, etc., which can be degraded under industrial composting conditions after use, reducing "white pollution";
Food containers and tableware: bowls, forks, spoons, and cups made of materials such as PLA and PHA are non-toxic and can contact food, and do not release harmful substances at high temperatures;
Express buffer materials: plant fibers or foamed bio-based materials are used to replace polystyrene foam for wrapping and buffering transportation items, which not only reduces plastic pollution, but also can be naturally degraded.
The building and home industries are gradually transforming towards low-carbon and environmentally friendly directions. Bio-based resins are mainly used in coating materials, adhesives and decorative components in such applications:
Bio-epoxy resin floor coatings: Epoxy materials based on vegetable oils or natural polyols have good adhesion, wear resistance and chemical stability, and do not release irritating gases;
Adhesives for furniture: Adhesives synthesized from soy protein or other bio-based monomers can be used for board bonding, surface fixing, etc., replacing traditional formaldehyde-based glues and reducing indoor pollution.
In the medical industry, there are extremely high requirements for the biocompatibility and safety of materials. Bio-based resins have unique advantages in the following aspects:
Disposable surgical instruments: Disposable syringes, surgical forceps, hemostatic forceps, etc. made of materials such as PLA and PHA are not only safe and non-toxic, but also degraded during medical waste disposal;
Biobsorbable sutures: Sutures made of PLA, PGA (polyglycolic acid), etc. can be naturally degraded and absorbed in the human body, avoiding secondary surgery and suture removal, and alleviating patient pain;
Drug carriers and sustained-release membranes: The drug release rate is controlled by using bio-resin structure, which is used for targeted delivery or subcutaneous sustained-release systems.
As the automotive industry's pursuit of energy conservation, emission reduction and lightweighting increases, bio-based materials are gradually introduced into vehicle manufacturing. Typical applications include:
Automotive interior materials: such as seat backs, door trims, dashboards, etc., are made of PLA composite materials or bio-based polyamides (such as PA11), which are both beautiful and environmentally friendly;
Lightweight composite panels: Natural fibers (such as jute and hemp fibers) are combined with bio-resins to make body structural parts or energy-absorbing structures, reduce the weight of the whole vehicle, and improve fuel efficiency.
Agriculture is the industry most closely related to the natural environment. The widespread use of traditional plastics has caused continuous pressure on the soil and ecological environment. The introduction of bio-based resins provides a solution for the green transformation of agriculture:
Degradable agricultural mulch: A film made of starch-based or PLA-based materials replaces the traditional PE film. It is used for covering after sowing and automatically degrades in the soil after the crop growth ends, eliminating the need for manual recycling;
Controlled release fertilizer carrier: A coating structure made of bio-resin controls the nutrient release rate, improves fertilizer efficiency, and reduces the risk of eutrophication of water bodies;
Seedling pots and seedling boxes: Made of a mixture of natural fibers and bio-resins, they can be directly planted in the soil and naturally degrade with the growth of plant roots without affecting soil quality.
As global awareness of sustainable development and environmental protection grows, traditional petrochemical-based plastics are gradually being questioned for their negative impact on the environment. In this context, bio-based environmentally friendly resins, as a renewable and degradable material, are rapidly emerging and becoming an important driver of green transformation in many industries. This type of resin uses renewable resources such as plant starch, cellulose, vegetable oil, lactic acid, etc. as raw materials, which reduces dependence on petroleum resources during use, while also significantly reducing carbon emissions and environmental pollution.
The packaging industry is one of the most widely used and fastest growing areas for bio-based resins. This is mainly due to the industry's dual demand for environmental protection and functionality of materials.
Bio-based resins such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) can be made into degradable plastic bags, food packaging films, bubble films, takeout boxes and straws. After use, these products can be decomposed into carbon dioxide and water through industrial or home composting environments, effectively solving the problem of "white pollution".
Compared with traditional plastics, bio-resin packaging is safer and does not contain harmful additives such as bisphenol A, which meets the safety requirements of food contact materials. At the same time, some bio-based materials have excellent oxygen and moisture barrier properties, which extend the shelf life of food and are suitable for a variety of packaging needs such as refrigerated food, fresh fruits and vegetables.
Many countries around the world are gradually implementing plastic bans or plastic restrictions, and consumers' demand for sustainable packaging has grown rapidly, driving the market share of bio-resin packaging. Companies also use green packaging as an important means of brand differentiation to strengthen their environmental image.
In the automotive industry and electronic product manufacturing, bio-based resins are gradually replacing some traditional engineering plastics to meet the industry's multiple requirements for lightweight, durable and environmentally friendly materials.
Automakers are actively using bio-based composite materials to manufacture door interior panels, dashboards, carpet pads, hood insulation materials, etc. These materials are not only lighter, which helps reduce the weight of the whole vehicle and improve fuel efficiency, but also because of their low-carbon manufacturing process, they are in line with the low-carbon transformation trend of the automotive industry.
In home appliances, smart phones, laptops and other products, bio-based plastics are used to manufacture housings, keyboard components, wire coating materials, etc. Its flame retardancy, mechanical strength, and thermal stability have basically met the requirements of consumer electronics products. Some brands such as Sony, Samsung, Dell, etc. have introduced bio-based materials in their products to respond to sustainable development goals.
Comply with RoHS and REACH regulations
The use of bio-resins helps companies meet the environmental protection requirements of the European RoHS (Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive) and REACH (Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of Chemicals), and reduces export barriers caused by non-compliance with environmental standards.
In the field of daily consumer goods, bio-based environmentally friendly resins are gradually becoming an important force in promoting a green lifestyle. It not only increases the added value of products, but also meets consumers' pursuit of environmental protection concepts.
Due to its natural raw material source and non-toxicity, bio-resins are ideal materials for making children's toys. Compared with the risks of heavy metals, plasticizers, etc. that may exist in traditional plastic toys, bio-based toys are safer and more environmentally friendly, and are widely welcomed by parents and the market.
Tableware, toothbrushes, combs, cosmetic packaging and other daily necessities have begun to use bioplastics such as PLA and PBS. These products are degradable and pollution-free while meeting the performance requirements, becoming environmentally friendly alternatives in the fields of hotels, aviation, and high-end consumer goods.
More and more brands are beginning to use bio-resins to replace traditional materials to demonstrate their commitment to environmental protection. For example, some beauty brands use bioplastic packaging bottles, which not only reflects the concept of sustainability, but also attracts consumers who are concerned about environmental protection.
Although the current application in the construction and textile industries is relatively small, bio-based environmentally friendly resins are gradually gaining attention with their unique advantages and showing great development potential.
Bio-based resins can be compounded with natural fibers (such as hemp, flax, and bamboo fibers) to produce composite panels, floors, decorative panels, insulation materials, etc. These materials have good mechanical properties and thermal stability. While meeting the needs of building structures, they reduce the carbon footprint of buildings and help improve the scores of green building certifications such as LEED and BREEAM.
Bio-based epoxy resins and polyurethane resins are widely used in water-based coatings, floor paints, sealants and other construction products. They do not contain VOCs (volatile organic compounds), improve indoor air quality, and are suitable for places with high health requirements such as hospitals and schools.
In the textile industry, bio-based resins are used to produce new environmentally friendly fabrics such as polyester alternative fibers, coated fabrics, and non-woven fabrics. These materials not only have good hand feel and breathability, but can also be biodegraded under certain conditions, reducing the burden of discarded clothing on the environment.
As people pay more and more attention to environmental issues, the sustainability of traditional petroleum-based plastics has gradually become a global focus. As one of the solutions, bio-based environmentally friendly resins (Bio-based Resins) have become an important development direction in the field of materials science and green manufacturing due to their renewable sources, potential degradability and low carbon footprint. In the actual promotion and application process, bio-based resins still face a series of complex and intertwined challenges.
Although bio-based resins have obvious advantages in environmental performance, their promotion is still severely restricted by the "cost bottleneck" at the economic level. Compared with the mature petrochemical plastic production system, bio-resins are still in the development stage and lack scale effects. Its production process involves multiple complex links such as raw material extraction, conversion, and polymerization, with high technical barriers and low production efficiency, resulting in high unit costs.
The market price of bio-resins is often affected by fluctuations in the international crude oil market. In periods of low oil prices, the cost advantage of petroleum-based plastics is more obvious, making companies lack sufficient motivation to invest in relatively high-cost bio-based alternatives. This "unfair competition" at the economic level has largely suppressed the market penetration of bio-based materials.
To break this deadlock, on the one hand, policy support is needed, such as providing tax breaks, green procurement incentives or carbon trading mechanisms to enhance the enthusiasm of companies to adopt bio-resins; on the other hand, scientific research institutions and companies need to accelerate technological breakthroughs in key processes, improve raw material conversion efficiency, and reduce production costs.
The raw materials of bioresins mainly come from renewable biomass, such as corn, sugarcane, wood waste, algae, etc. If large-scale commercial production is to be achieved, the demand for raw materials for bioresins will be very large, which may lead to the following two key issues:
Competition with food security: When food crops are used in large quantities in the materials industry, it will have an impact on the allocation of agricultural land and food supply. For example, corn starch is often used as a raw material for polylactic acid (PLA). If there is no reasonable planning, it may aggravate the phenomenon of "food and industry competing for land".
Overexploitation of land resources: In order to meet industrial needs, some regions may transform ecologically sensitive areas such as forests and wetlands into energy crops or industrial crop planting bases, causing environmental risks such as decreased biodiversity, water resource tension and reduced carbon sinks.
To achieve a sustainable raw material supply for bioresins, it is necessary not only to develop high-yield and stress-resistant energy crops (such as sweet sorghum, cassava, microalgae, etc.), but also to promote the resource utilization of agricultural waste and forestry by-products. In addition, establishing a traceability mechanism for the source of raw materials will help companies and consumers assess their environmental impact and improve the transparency of the supply chain.
Most bio-based resins have degradable properties, especially polymers such as PLA and PHA. However, their "degradability" does not mean that they can be quickly decomposed in the natural environment. In fact, many bio-resins require specific conditions (such as high temperature, high humidity, and aerobic environment) to complete the degradation process in industrial composting facilities.
The problem is that most parts of the world have not yet established a complete industrial composting system, especially in developing countries and remote urban areas, where garbage is still mainly landfilled or incinerated. Even in developed countries in Europe and the United States, there are regional differences in the coverage of industrial composting.
This creates a real contradiction: if the bio-resin that claims to be environmentally friendly enters the traditional garbage chain in the wrong treatment system, it will not only fail to achieve its green mission, but may also form an embarrassing situation of "pseudo-environmental protection".
To solve this problem, efforts need to be made at two levels: first, the government needs to accelerate the construction of waste classification and biodegradable treatment infrastructure; second, material research and development should evolve in the direction of "family composting friendly" or "environmental degradation" to enhance the ability of materials to adapt to a variety of disposal environments.
With the improvement of environmental awareness, products with labels such as "bio-based", "degradable" and "environmentally friendly" are emerging in the market. However, the current global definition of these concepts has not yet been unified, and different countries and institutions have different standards, which can easily confuse consumers and manufacturers in understanding.
For example, "bio-based" is not the same as "degradable"; a material can be derived from biomass, but it cannot be decomposed in the natural environment due to its stable structure. Similarly, "degradable" can also be divided into multiple types such as biodegradable, biocompostable, and water-soluble degradation, each requiring different environmental conditions.
Although some international organizations such as the European Committee for Standardization (CEN), ASTM International, ISO, etc. have issued some technical standards and certification systems, such as EN 13432 and ASTM D6400, their scope of influence is still limited and lacks global currency. The complex and costly certification procedures also discourage small and medium-sized enterprises.
It is particularly urgent to establish a unified, vivid and easy-to-understand labeling system. Regulators should formulate clear product classification and labeling guidelines and promote global mutual recognition mechanisms to protect consumer rights and purify market order.
In addition to the above four major challenges, bio-based resins also involve the following realistic issues in the promotion process:
Performance stability: Some bio-resins are still inferior to traditional plastics in terms of thermal stability, mechanical strength, and UV resistance, which limits their application in high-performance demand scenarios such as automobiles, construction, and electronics.
Lack of consumer awareness: Many consumers have limited knowledge of the environmental protection effects, use, and disposal methods of "bio-based" materials, and may even misuse products due to misunderstandings about degradation, which in turn affects their environmental value.
Difficulty in integrating the industrial chain: A complete closed-loop system from raw material acquisition, processing, use to recycling has not yet been established, especially in cross-border supply chains and multi-industry integration. There are still coordination barriers.
With the continuous advancement of technology, the performance of bio-based resins has been continuously improved, making them highly competitive in a variety of application fields. Traditional bio-based resins such as polylactic acid (PLA) and polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) were mainly faced with unsatisfactory performance compared with petrochemical-based resins in the early days, such as lower thermal stability and strength problems that are easily affected by moisture. In recent years, materials scientists have taken some innovative approaches to gradually solve these problems.
Based on the innovation of biocatalysts and enzyme-catalyzed polymerization technology, the synthesis process of bio-based resins has been optimized, and the control of molecular chains has been more precise, thereby effectively improving the thermal stability and mechanical strength of the resin. Through this method, researchers can introduce specific functional groups into the resin molecules to make them have higher heat resistance and chemical resistance, and even maintain good stability in high temperature environments. For example, some new PLA resins have greatly increased their heat deformation temperature by introducing special comonomers, thereby expanding the application space of PLA in high temperature environments.
With the rise of nanotechnology, the addition of nanomaterials such as nanofibers and nanofillers to bio-based resins has greatly enhanced their mechanical properties and toughness. For example, mixing nano-scale graphene or silica nanoparticles with PLA can significantly improve its tensile strength and impact resistance. This composite material has shown great application potential in fields with extremely high material requirements such as aerospace and automotive industries.
With the advancement of 3D printing technology, the application scenarios of bio-based resins are constantly expanding. In the field of 3D printing, bio-based resins such as PLA and PHA have gradually become one of the mainstream materials due to their good printability, non-toxicity and degradability. Using advanced 3D printing technology, bio-based resins can not only realize the manufacture of complex shapes, but also adjust the mechanical properties and functional properties of materials according to demand, making them more and more widely used in personalized customization, medical care, construction and other fields.
The performance improvement and technological progress of bio-based resins have laid the foundation for their large-scale replacement of traditional plastic materials. As the technology continues to mature, we have reason to believe that bio-based resins will play an important role in more high-demand fields in the future.
The source of raw materials for bio-based resins determines their sustainability and economy. With the increasing concern about environmental impact, traditional first-generation bio-based resins (such as corn, sugarcane, etc.) face challenges of resource competition and environmental problems. To solve this problem, scientists and engineers are exploring second-generation and third-generation raw materials, which are not only more environmentally friendly, but also effectively improve resource utilization efficiency.
Second-generation raw materials mainly include agricultural waste, such as straw, wood chips, peels, etc. These materials do not participate in the human food chain, so they do not directly affect food security issues, and they are often regarded as waste during processing, so the use of these raw materials can greatly reduce production costs. For example, cellulose materials prepared from straw can replace traditional petrochemical materials in many cases. They not only have good mechanical properties, but also can achieve full life cycle degradation. This idea of "waste into precious resources" is an important direction to promote the development of bio-based resins.
Third-generation bio-based raw materials mainly include algae, microorganisms and marine plants. These raw materials grow fast, do not rely on land resources, and require almost no additional agricultural inputs, which have huge environmental and economic advantages. As a bio-based raw material, algae can absorb a large amount of carbon dioxide in a very short time and convert it into biomass due to its efficient photosynthesis. Therefore, algae is not only a sustainable resource, but its growth process also helps to mitigate climate change. Bio-based resins produced from algae not only have good physical and chemical properties, but also can effectively reduce greenhouse gas emissions, making them an ideal green alternative material.
In terms of the raw material supply chain, with the emergence of these new raw materials, the production and supply chain patterns of global bio-based resins are also changing. Many companies have begun to optimize localized supply chains and resource cycles, striving to reduce the carbon footprint in the production process. For example, farms in some regions have cooperated with joint enterprises to produce bio-based resins from agricultural waste to form a closed-loop supply chain system, which not only improves resource utilization efficiency, but also provides farmers with a new source of economic income. At the same time, some emerging production methods such as algae cultivation systems have also promoted the large-scale production of bio-based resins to a certain extent.
Raw material innovation and supply chain optimization are not only technical factors that promote the development of bio-based resins, but also create more stable and sustainable conditions for their large-scale application.
Government policies play an important role in the promotion of bio-based resins. Many countries and regions around the world have recognized the positive impact of bio-based materials on environmental protection and have promoted them through a series of policies and regulations. For example, the Green Deal and Plastic Strategy launched by the European Union clearly stated that the European Union will gradually phase out disposable plastic products and promote the use of degradable plastics and bio-based plastics. The introduction of these policies has forced companies to accelerate the research and development and application of bio-based materials to ensure that they remain competitive in a market with increasingly stringent environmental regulations.
In China, the government has also introduced a series of policies requiring all types of companies to reduce plastic pollution and encourage the development of bio-based and degradable materials. The National Development and Reform Commission of China has issued the "14th Five-Year Plan for Ecological and Environmental Protection", proposing to increase the research and development of environmentally friendly materials and make bio-based plastics a key direction for future development. With the gradual implementation of the "Plastic Restriction Order", the demand for bio-based resins in the Chinese market is also growing.
The green responsibility and sustainable development goals of enterprises have also become important factors in promoting the popularization of bio-based resins. Many multinational companies, such as Nike, Apple, and Nestle, have incorporated environmentally friendly materials into their supply chains and promoted the use of bio-based resins through green procurement policies. These companies have publicly committed to reducing plastic waste, promoting recycling and reuse, and actively participating in green procurement to promote the application of environmentally friendly materials in various fields.
With the improvement of global green supply chain management, more and more companies have begun to realize that by adopting environmentally friendly materials such as bio-based resins, they can not only enhance their brand image and market competitiveness, but also achieve the goal of sustainable development by reducing carbon emissions and resource consumption. This model of policy promotion and corporate responsibility is the key to the rapid development of bio-based resins.
The environmental benefits of bio-based resins are far more than low carbon emissions during use. How to achieve effective recycling and reuse after the end of the product life cycle is the key to achieving its comprehensive sustainability. This requires integrating bio-based resins into the circular economy system to achieve a closed-loop flow of resources.
The core concept of the circular economy is to maximize the life cycle of resources and reduce waste generation through the close integration of design, use and recycling. For bio-based resins, this means that the recyclability, degradability and reuse of materials should be considered at the design stage. For example, when designing a product, its future recycling method should be considered, and recyclable and decomposable materials should be used separately for easy disassembly and recycling. At the same time, renewable energy can also be used in the production process of bio-based resins to reduce carbon emissions in the production process, so as to truly achieve environmental friendliness throughout the life cycle from raw materials to final products.
The degradation characteristics of bio-based resins are also an important basis for their entry into the circular economy system. At present, many bio-based resins, such as PHA and PLA, have been proven to be able to degrade in the natural environment and reduce pollution to the ecological environment. Different bio-based resins have different degradation speeds and methods, so corresponding choices need to be made for different uses during design. For example, bio-based resins used in food packaging and agricultural films should have the characteristics of rapid degradation, while long-term products such as automobiles and electronic products should focus more on recycling and reuse.
With the promotion of the concept of circular economy, more and more companies and governments have begun to pay attention to how to promote the recycling and reuse of bio-based resins through technological innovation, design optimization and policy guidance. For example, some European countries have begun to establish a recycling system for bio-based materials, promote the mixed recycling of bioplastics and traditional plastics, and convert them into new materials through chemical recycling technology.
Through the integration of the circular material system, bio-based resins can not only reduce resource waste during the use phase, but also be effectively recycled after the end of the product life cycle and put back into the production process to form a true closed loop. This full life cycle design concept is an important way to achieve the sustainable development of bio-based resins.
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